Armies and militias from more than a dozen countries have joined the Syria conflict, making for a mind-boggling and dangerous stew of shifting and competing alliances.
Even as a proposed cease-fire is scheduled to begin as early as this week, more nations are escalating their roles in the nearly 5-year-old civil war: Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey said they may send ground troops to fight.
Here's how different countries are currently aligned:
Pro-Syrian government
Forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar Assad are backed by two nations, Russia and Iran, and many Shiite militias from across the region who are organized by Iran. The combatants include:
Syrian government troops
Iran
Afghan Shiite militia
Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shiite militia
Iraqi Shiite militia
Russia. Russian airstrikes target the Islamic State and what Russia says are other "terrorist" groups. But the U.S. military says most Russian airstrikes are aimed at opposition groups threatening Assad's forces.
Anti-Syrian government
Many rebel forces fighting to overthrow the Syrian government are backed by arms, funds and airstrikes by a U.S.-led coalition. The CIA vetted Syrian rebel groups and helped train them in Jordan to use advanced anti-tank weapons against Assad's forces. Saudi Arabia and Qatar supplied the weaponry and funds. These rebels are being supported by:
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
United States
Israel, on Syria's southern border, provides some assistance to rebel forces fighting the Syrian government and has also launched airstrikes against Syrian and Hezbollah targets to prevent the transfer of "game changing" technology and weapons to Hezbollah, a U.S.-designated terrorist group.
Anti-Islamic State
The U.S.-led coalition conducting airstrikes against Islamic State forces in Syria and Iraq includes:
Australia
Bahrain
Canada
France
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom.
Russia is not part of the U.S.-led coalition, though it has also hit Islamic State positions.
Other fighters
Kurdish militia from Turkey, Iraq and Syria are fighting the Islamic State, also known as ISIL or ISIS. But the Kurds are sometimes aligned with the Syrian government and seen as a threat by Turkey, which has fought for years against a Kurdish separatist movement threatening its territorial sovereignty. Syrian Kurds are backed by Russia, the United States and Iraqi Kurdish groups.
The Islamic State, a vicious al-Qaeda spinoff, and Jabhat al Nusrah, al-Qaeda's branch in Syria that works with many Sunni Arab opposition groups in Syria, have attracted foreign fighters from across the Arab world and Europe. Both have expanded during the chaos in Syria.
